US-traded ETFs

Exchange-traded funds listed in the US that give exposure to emerging markets: single-country, regional and broad.

ETF	Country	Scope	Expense ratioannual %
☆ ARGTGlobal X - MSCI Argentina ETF	Argentina	Single-country	0.59%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Argentina	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ GMLSPDR S&P Emerging Latin America ETF	Argentina	Regional Delisted	0.49%
☆ ILFiShares Latin America 40 ETF	Argentina	Regional	0.48%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Bahrain	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ GULFWisdomTree Middle East Dividend Fund	Bahrain	Regional	0.88%
☆ EMFMGlobal X Next Emerging & Frontier ETF	Bangladesh	Broad EM	0.56%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Bangladesh	Regional	0.79%
☆ FMQQFMQQ The Next Frontier Internet ETF	Bangladesh	Broad EM	0.86%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Benin	Regional Reference only	0.78%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Benin	Broad EM Reference only	0.79%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Botswana	Regional	0.78%
☆ EZAiShares MSCI South Africa ETF	Botswana	Regional Reference only	0.59%
☆ EWZiShares MSCI Brazil ETF	Brazil	Single-country	0.59%
☆ EWZSiShares MSCI Brazil Small-Cap ETF	Brazil	Single-country	0.59%
☆ FLBRFranklin FTSE Brazil ETF	Brazil	Single-country	0.19%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Brazil	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ EWXState Street SPDR S&P Emerging Markets Small Cap ETF	Brazil	Broad EM	0.65%
☆ GMLSPDR S&P Emerging Latin America ETF	Brazil	Regional Delisted	0.49%
☆ ILFiShares Latin America 40 ETF	Brazil	Regional	0.48%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Brazil	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ EXPOExpat Bulgaria SOFIX UCITS ETF	Bulgaria	Single-country UCITS	0.50%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Bulgaria	Broad EM Reference only	0.79%
☆ FRNInvesco Frontier Markets ETF	Bulgaria	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Burkina Faso	Regional	0.78%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Burkina Faso	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ ECHiShares MSCI Chile ETF	Chile	Single-country	0.59%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Chile	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ GMLSPDR S&P Emerging Latin America ETF	Chile	Regional Delisted	0.49%
☆ ILFiShares Latin America 40 ETF	Chile	Regional	0.48%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Chile	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ ASHRXtrackers Harvest CSI 300 China A-Shares ETF	China	Single-country	0.65%
☆ CNYAiShares MSCI China A ETF	China	Single-country	0.65%
☆ FXIiShares China Large-Cap ETF	China	Single-country	0.74%
☆ GXCState Street SPDR S&P China ETF	China	Single-country	0.59%
☆ KSTRKraneShares China Technology & Semiconductor STAR 50 Index ETF	China	Single-country	0.78%
☆ KWEBKraneShares CSI China Internet ETF	China	Single-country	0.76%
☆ MCHIiShares MSCI China ETF	China	Single-country	0.59%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	China	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	China	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ GXGGlobal X MSCI Colombia ETF	Colombia	Single-country	0.61%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Colombia	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ EEMAiShares MSCI Emerging Markets Asia ETF	Colombia	Broad EM Reference only	0.49%
☆ EWZiShares MSCI Brazil ETF	Colombia	Regional Reference only	0.59%
☆ FLQMFranklin U.S. Mid Cap Multifactor Index ETF	Colombia	Regional	0.19%
☆ ILFiShares Latin America 40 ETF	Colombia	Regional	0.48%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Colombia	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Croatia	Broad EM Reference only	0.79%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Croatia	Regional Delisted Reference only	0.45%
☆ VGKVanguard FTSE Europe ETF	Croatia	Regional	0.09%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Cyprus	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Cyprus	Regional Delisted	0.45%
☆ VGKVanguard FTSE Europe ETF	Cyprus	Regional	0.09%
☆ CEEThe Central and Eastern Europe Fund, Inc.	Czech Republic	Regional	0.69%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Czech Republic	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ EEMViShares MSCI Emerging Markets Min Vol Factor ETF	Czech Republic	Broad EM	0.25%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Czech Republic	Regional Delisted	0.49%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Czech Republic	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Côte d'Ivoire	Regional	0.78%
☆ EZAiShares MSCI South Africa ETF	Côte d'Ivoire	Regional Reference only	0.59%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Côte d'Ivoire	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ XSOEWisdomTree Emerging Markets ex-State-Owned Enterprises Fund	Côte d'Ivoire	Broad EM Reference only	0.32%
☆ EGPTVanEck Egypt Index ETF	Egypt	Single-country	0.94%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Egypt	Regional	0.79%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Egypt	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ PMNAInvesco MENA ETF	Egypt	Regional No U.S. quote	0.70%
☆ EMFMGlobal X Next Emerging & Frontier ETF	Estonia	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Estonia	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Estonia	Regional Delisted	0.45%
☆ IEURiShares Core MSCI Europe ETF	Estonia	Regional	0.09%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Ghana	Regional	0.78%
☆ EZAiShares MSCI South Africa ETF	Ghana	Regional Reference only	0.59%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Ghana	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ FMQQFMQQ The Next Frontier Internet ETF	Ghana	Broad EM	0.86%
☆ GREKGlobal X - MSCI Greece ETF	Greece	Single-country	0.57%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Greece	Regional Delisted	0.45%
☆ VGKVanguard FTSE Europe ETF	Greece	Regional	0.09%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Guinea-Bissau	Regional Reference only	0.78%
☆ EZAiShares MSCI South Africa ETF	Guinea-Bissau	Regional Reference only	0.59%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Hungary	Broad EM	0.68%
☆ EMGFiShares Emerging Markets Equity Factor ETF	Hungary	Broad EM	0.45%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Hungary	Regional Delisted	0.30%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Hungary	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ GXFGlobal X FTSE Nordic Region ETF	Iceland	Regional Reference only	0.50%
☆ FLINFranklin FTSE India ETF	India	Single-country	0.19%
☆ INDAiShares MSCI India ETF	India	Single-country	0.65%
☆ INDMiShares MSCI India Small-Cap ETF	India	Single-country No U.S. quote	0.74%
☆ INDYiShares India 50 ETF	India	Single-country	0.35%
☆ NFTYFirst Trust India NIFTY 50 Equal Weight ETF	India	Single-country	0.80%
☆ SMINiShares MSCI India Small-Cap ETF	India	Single-country	0.74%
☆ AAXJiShares MSCI All Country Asia ex Japan ETF	India	Regional	0.70%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	India	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ EMXCiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ex China ETF	India	Broad EM	0.25%
☆ IEMGiShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	India	Broad EM	0.09%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	India	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ EIDOiShares MSCI Indonesia ETF	Indonesia	Single-country	0.59%
☆ ASEAGlobal X - FTSE Southeast Asia ETF	Indonesia	Regional	0.65%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Indonesia	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ GMFState Street SPDR S&P Emerging Asia Pacific ETF	Indonesia	Regional	0.49%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Indonesia	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ XSOEWisdomTree Emerging Markets ex-State-Owned Enterprises Fund	Indonesia	Broad EM	0.32%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Jordan	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ GULFWisdomTree Middle East Dividend Fund	Jordan	Regional	0.88%
☆ KAPKazatomprom GDR (LSE-listed)	Kazakhstan	Single-country No U.S. quote	0.00%
☆ VNMVanEck Vietnam ETF	Kazakhstan	Single-country Reference only	0.66%
☆ EMFMGlobal X Next Emerging & Frontier ETF	Kazakhstan	Broad EM	0.55%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Kazakhstan	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Kenya	Regional	0.78%
☆ EMFMGlobal X Next Emerging & Frontier ETF	Kenya	Broad EM	0.56%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Kenya	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ KWTiShares MSCI Kuwait ETF	Kuwait	Single-country	0.57%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Kuwait	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ EMGFiShares Emerging Markets Equity Factor ETF	Kuwait	Broad EM	0.25%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Kuwait	Regional Reference only	0.79%
☆ GULFWisdomTree Middle East Dividend Fund	Kuwait	Regional	0.88%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Kuwait	Broad EM Reference only	0.08%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Latvia	Regional Delisted Reference only	0.45%
☆ VGKVanguard FTSE Europe ETF	Latvia	Regional Reference only	0.11%
☆ EELVInvesco S&P Emerging Markets Low Volatility ETF	Lithuania	Broad EM	0.29%
☆ EMXFiShares ESG Advanced MSCI EM ETF	Lithuania	Broad EM	0.16%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Lithuania	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Lithuania	Regional Delisted	0.45%
☆ EWMiShares MSCI Malaysia ETF	Malaysia	Single-country	0.50%
☆ ASEAGlobal X - FTSE Southeast Asia ETF	Malaysia	Regional	0.65%
☆ FEMSFirst Trust Emerging Markets Small Cap AlphaDEX Fund	Malaysia	Broad EM	0.80%
☆ GMFState Street SPDR S&P Emerging Asia Pacific ETF	Malaysia	Regional	0.49%
☆ IEMGiShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Malaysia	Broad EM	0.09%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Malaysia	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Mali	Regional Reference only	0.78%
☆ EZAiShares MSCI South Africa ETF	Mali	Regional Reference only	0.59%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Malta	Broad EM Reference only	0.79%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Malta	Regional Delisted Reference only	0.45%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Mauritius	Regional	0.78%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Mauritius	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ EWWiShares MSCI Mexico ETF	Mexico	Single-country	0.50%
☆ FLMXFranklin FTSE Mexico ETF	Mexico	Single-country	0.19%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Mexico	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ GMLSPDR S&P Emerging Latin America ETF	Mexico	Regional Delisted	0.49%
☆ ILFiShares Latin America 40 ETF	Mexico	Regional	0.48%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Mexico	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Morocco	Regional	0.78%
☆ EMFMGlobal X Next Emerging & Frontier ETF	Morocco	Broad EM	0.56%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Morocco	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Niger	Regional	0.78%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Niger	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ XSOEWisdomTree Emerging Markets ex-State-Owned Enterprises Fund	Niger	Broad EM	0.32%
☆ EZAiShares MSCI South Africa ETF	Nigeria	Single-country Reference only	0.59%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Nigeria	Regional	0.78%
☆ EMFMGlobal X Next Emerging & Frontier ETF	Nigeria	Broad EM	0.56%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Nigeria	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Oman	Regional	0.79%
☆ GULFWisdomTree Middle East Dividend Fund	Oman	Regional	0.88%
☆ EMFMGlobal X Next Emerging & Frontier ETF	Pakistan	Broad EM	0.56%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Pakistan	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ FMQQFMQQ The Next Frontier Internet ETF	Pakistan	Regional	0.86%
☆ KALLKraneShares MSCI All China Index ETF	Pakistan	Regional Reference only	0.55%
☆ EPUiShares MSCI Peru and Global Exposure ETF	Peru	Single-country	0.59%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Peru	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ GMLSPDR S&P Emerging Latin America ETF	Peru	Regional Delisted	0.49%
☆ ILFiShares Latin America 40 ETF	Peru	Regional	0.47%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Peru	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ ASEAGlobal X - FTSE Southeast Asia ETF	Philippines	Regional	0.65%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Philippines	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ EEMAiShares MSCI Emerging Markets Asia ETF	Philippines	Regional	0.50%
☆ GMFState Street SPDR S&P Emerging Asia Pacific ETF	Philippines	Regional	0.49%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Philippines	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ EPOLiShares MSCI Poland ETF	Poland	Single-country	0.59%
☆ EWXState Street SPDR S&P Emerging Markets Small Cap ETF	Poland	Broad EM	0.65%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Poland	Regional Delisted	0.30%
☆ IEMGiShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Poland	Broad EM	0.09%
☆ VEAVanguard FTSE Developed Markets ETF	Poland	Broad EM	0.06%
☆ EZUiShares MSCI Eurozone ETF	Portugal	Regional	0.51%
☆ FEZState Street SPDR EURO STOXX 50 ETF	Portugal	Regional	0.29%
☆ HEZUiShares Currency Hedged MSCI Eurozone ETF	Portugal	Regional	0.53%
☆ IEURiShares Core MSCI Europe ETF	Portugal	Regional	0.09%
☆ VGKVanguard FTSE Europe ETF	Portugal	Regional	0.08%
☆ QATiShares MSCI Qatar ETF	Qatar	Single-country	0.59%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Qatar	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ GULFWisdomTree Middle East Dividend Fund	Qatar	Regional	0.88%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Romania	Regional	0.79%
☆ FRDMFreedom 100 Emerging Markets ETF	Romania	Broad EM	0.49%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Romania	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ KSAiShares MSCI Saudi Arabia ETF	Saudi Arabia	Single-country	0.74%
☆ KSAiShares MSCI Saudi Arabia ETF	Saudi Arabia	Single-country	0.74%
☆ EMQQEMQQ The Emerging Markets Internet ETF	Saudi Arabia	Broad EM	0.86%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Saudi Arabia	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ GULFWisdomTree Middle East Dividend Fund	Saudi Arabia	Regional	0.88%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Senegal	Regional	0.78%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Senegal	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ FMQQFMQQ The Next Frontier Internet ETF	Senegal	Broad EM	0.86%
☆ ESNBExpat Serbia BELEX15 UCITS ETF	Serbia	Single-country UCITS	0.60%
☆ GURSPDR S&P Emerging Europe ETF	Slovakia	Regional Delisted	0.45%
☆ VGKVanguard FTSE Europe ETF	Slovakia	Broad EM	0.11%
☆ ICSLOInterCapital SBI Top UCITS ETF	Slovenia	Single-country UCITS	0.45%
☆ GURiShares MSCI Eastern Europe Capped ETF	Slovenia	Regional Delisted	0.65%
☆ EZAiShares MSCI South Africa ETF	South Africa	Single-country	0.59%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	South Africa	Regional	0.78%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	South Africa	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ EMXCiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ex China ETF	South Africa	Broad EM	0.25%
☆ SSAGlobal X MSCI Next Emerging & Frontier ETF (formerly includes SSA exposure)	South Africa	Broad EM No U.S. quote	0.58%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	South Africa	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ EWYiShares MSCI South Korea ETF	South Korea	Single-country	0.59%
☆ FLKRFranklin FTSE South Korea ETF	South Korea	Single-country	0.09%
☆ KORUDirexion Daily MSCI South Korea Bull 3X ETF	South Korea	Single-country	0.97%
☆ GMFState Street SPDR S&P Emerging Asia Pacific ETF	South Korea	Regional	0.49%
☆ SCHESchwab Emerging Markets Equity ETF	South Korea	Broad EM	0.11%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	South Korea	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Sri Lanka	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Sri Lanka	Regional	0.79%
☆ FMQQFMQQ The Next Frontier Internet ETF	Sri Lanka	Regional	0.86%
☆ FRNInvesco Frontier Markets ETF	Sri Lanka	Regional	0.70%
☆ EWTiShares MSCI Taiwan ETF	Taiwan	Single-country	0.57%
☆ FLTWFranklin FTSE Taiwan ETF	Taiwan	Single-country	0.19%
☆ TWONWisdomTree Taiwan Fund	Taiwan	Single-country No U.S. quote	0.58%
☆ AAXJiShares MSCI All Country Asia ex Japan ETF	Taiwan	Regional	0.69%
☆ IEMGiShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Taiwan	Broad EM	0.09%
☆ SEMIColumbia Select Technology ETF	Taiwan	Broad EM	0.35%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Taiwan	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Tanzania	Regional	0.78%
☆ EZAiShares MSCI South Africa ETF	Tanzania	Regional Reference only	0.59%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Tanzania	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ XSOEWisdomTree Emerging Markets ex-State-Owned Enterprises Fund	Tanzania	Broad EM Reference only	0.32%
☆ EWTiShares MSCI Taiwan ETF	Thailand	Single-country Reference only	0.57%
☆ THDiShares MSCI Thailand ETF	Thailand	Single-country	0.59%
☆ AVESAvantis Emerging Markets Value ETF	Thailand	Broad EM	0.33%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Thailand	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ EEMAiShares MSCI Emerging Markets Asia ETF	Thailand	Regional	0.50%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Thailand	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ XSOEWisdomTree Emerging Markets ex-State-Owned Enterprises Fund	Thailand	Broad EM	0.32%
☆ AFKVanEck Africa Index ETF	Togo	Regional	0.78%
☆ EZAiShares MSCI South Africa ETF	Togo	Regional Reference only	0.59%
☆ EMFMGlobal X Next Emerging & Frontier ETF	Tunisia	Broad EM	0.56%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Tunisia	Regional	0.79%
☆ FRNInvesco Frontier Markets ETF	Tunisia	Regional	0.70%
☆ TURiShares MSCI Turkey ETF	Türkiye (Turkey)	Single-country	0.59%
☆ EEMiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF	Türkiye (Turkey)	Broad EM	0.70%
☆ EMQQEMQQ The Emerging Markets Internet ETF	Türkiye (Turkey)	Regional	0.86%
☆ EMXCiShares MSCI Emerging Markets ex China ETF	Türkiye (Turkey)	Broad EM	0.25%
☆ VWOVanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF	Türkiye (Turkey)	Broad EM	0.08%
☆ UAEiShares MSCI UAE ETF	United Arab Emirates	Single-country	0.60%
☆ EMGFiShares Emerging Markets Equity Factor ETF	United Arab Emirates	Broad EM	0.30%
☆ GULFWisdomTree Middle East Dividend Fund	United Arab Emirates	Regional	0.88%
☆ VNMVanEck Vietnam ETF	Vietnam	Single-country	0.59%
☆ XVTMXtrackers MSCI Vietnam Swap UCITS ETF	Vietnam	Single-country UCITS	0.85%
☆ EMFMGlobal X Next Emerging & Frontier ETF	Vietnam	Broad EM	0.56%
☆ FMiShares MSCI Frontier and Select EM ETF	Vietnam	Broad EM	0.79%
☆ FMQQFMQQ The Next Frontier Internet ETF	Vietnam	Regional	0.86%

Covers the 87 US-traded funds tracked on this site, not every fund available. Prices come from a live market-data feed and are indicative; they may be delayed. How we classify countries →